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  ENERGY PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT FOR EQUIPMENT B AND UTILITY SYSTEMS (CHAPTER-16:ENERGY PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF PULP & PAPER INDUSTRY) Introduction Paper is produced from cellulose pulp fibers, derived from wood, rags, agricultural residues like bagasse and wheat straw or from waste paper after drying on a battery of steam heated dryers. Paper is a versatile material and finds many uses in our daily life. Traditionally the most common use of paper is for writing and printing, but it also finds various applications as a packaging material, and for large number of industrial and construction processes. Historically the first use of paper is recorded in ancient Egypt civilisation as a thin paper-like material made from the pith of the papyrus plant, a wetland sedge, grown in the Nile Delta of Egypt. The name paper has therefore originated from the word papyrus. However, the development of pulp and paper making process dates back to 105 AD in China. Over the years, process and tec...

  ENERGY PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT FOR EQUIPMENT AND UTILITY SYSTEMS (CHAPTER-15:ENERGY PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF TEXTILE INDUSTRY) Introduction The textile industry in India is one of the largest process industries in terms of its production and employment. Modern textile units are energy intensive requiring both thermal and electrical energy for their operation. The energy cost accounts for about 15 — 20% of the manufacturing cost. A typical energy consumption pattern of a composite textile mill is given in Figure 15.1.  The textile industries with energy consumption equivalent to 3000 MTOE per year and above have  been brought under designated consumer category as per Energy Conservation Act in India. Textile Manufacturing Process The four major stages of processing is follows as (Figure 15.2) 1.Spinning and weaving process (A) 2.Wet Process (B) Spinning and weaving a) Yarn Fabrication Yarn fabrication is the process, which converts raw fiber into yarn or t...